● 영어원문 내용 The Sound of an Ebbing Liquidity One of the most important variables that fueled global financial markets for the past few years was the abundant liquidity. Some positive fundamental factors indeed drove the liquidity creation. Healthy balance sheets of many emerging markets helped to create this excess liquidity. However with a predictable financial and economic behavior, the excess liquidity created even more excess liquidity. Greed fueled the global liquidity conditions to a frothy level not seen in modern times. During this period, volatility of global financial markets fell to record lows, equity indexes it all time highs, and credit spread declined to record lows. One of the most important factors to analyze the future of global financial markets is how this liquidity cycle will evolve. On this light, we can conclude that the trend of rising global liquidity could be over. Now we need to begin valuing financial markets in a declining liquidity condition. Global investing has just become tougher. One of the areas that attracted hot liquidity over the past two years has been the credit market in the US. The intensity and frenzy of liquidity chasing spreads in the credit market in the US can be best illustrated by the following story. One bond salesman I have known for many years told me that he has not done any bond transactions for the past 3 years. He is only brokering structured loan, credit, derivative trades. What this tells us is that US money has taken increasing risk in the credit space. As investors searched for additional return, investors embraced leverage, credit, and liquidity risks. Many people outside the Wall Street still refer to credit problem in the US as a “sub-prime” issue. This is not true. Sub-prime problem is small and cannot turn the global liquidity. The problem is the entire credit market in the US. The recent adjustment of price of credit risk in the US is a strong signal that the de-leveraging is underway in the US credit market. The recent noise from the Wall Street is the sound of an ebbing liquidity. Some might ask why should a de-leveraging process in the US financial market impact price of equities or other financial assets around the world. If the excess liquidity hangover is in the US, why should other assets get impacted outside the US? The linkage is through growth. If the “cheaper-than-fundamental” cost of capital helped to boost the US growth, then without it, the US trend growth should be slower. If this were to take place, economic growth of the rest of the world will have to moderate. This is how the events in the US will impact economies and markets outside the US. So the key question for the global markets is the pace and magnitude of the de-leveraging that will take place in the US. The areas to focus on are the changes to cost of mortgages, unwind of credit derivatives, price and availability of structured loans, and an orderly mark-to-market of illiquid credit products. Given the complexity of this de-leveraging process, it is safe to say that volatility in credit market in the US is likely to stay high for a while. Also, given the potential scenario of a forced de-leveraging coming from investor redemptions and margin calls, we cannot rule out a scenario of a significant market disruption that can impact the global markets negatively. Financial market history tells us that there is never an “orderly de-leveraging” when the amount involved is this large. Just a few years back, Korea experience a credit card crisis. The problem was confined to the credit card space, but the impact from the credit adjustment was severe and lasting. This de-leveraging process impacted both the financial institutions and those who benefited from the bubble. In Korea’s case, it was the consumers who borrowed beyond their means who went through a difficult adjustment process. What is ahead for the US credit market is similar to this. Excess liquidity has priced credit risk much lower than it should be. Thus there will be an adjustment period. The lenders will lend less as they clean up their book and the borrowers will have to pay higher risk premium to maintain their leverage. This, as was the case in Korea, is never a quick adjustment. It will take time for the US to work this out. If the global liquidity is ebbing, should investors be increasing or decreasing risk? Meanwhile, we should look at the world with a more cautious view. |